Proportion of Sample Selecting Emotion Label of Embarrassed and Shameful Adolescent Males Embarrassed Adolescent Male: Embarrassment African American – 68, Embarrassment Caucasian – 53, Shame African American – 10, Shame Caucasian – 16. Interestingly, participants were more accurate in labeling embarrassment and shame when they were evaluating expressions of African-American boys compared to Caucasian boys. After watching each clip, participants selected an emotion term (amusement, enjoyment, anger, disgust, and shame and guilt) that described the males’ facial expressions.įindings showed that participants selected embarrassed labels for the embarrassed expressions displayed by the adolescent males and picked the shame label for males expressing shame. Clips of the IQ test showing facial expressions of amusement, enjoyment, anger, disgust, and shame and guilt were identified using Ekman and Friesen’s (1978) FACS. In this study, participants watched video recordings of 12– to 13-year-old Caucasian and African American males completing an IQ test. In another study, Keltner (1995) explored whether shame and embarrassment facial expressions were unique. Participants did not specifically state the term embarrassment (this relates to the Widen and Russell (2011) study below). ![]() Participants rated the individuals showing embarrassment as sad, followed by nervous. In a follow-up study Keltner (1995) had participants watch a videotape and free list the emotion expressed by the individual in the tape. Yet, Keltner acknowledged the DFA task is one unique situation that elicited embarrassment and that some of the touching displays could be due to the physiological attachments and not really to embarrassment. ![]() By displaying the embarrassment facial expression after violating a norm, people acknowledge that they are aware of their violation and exhibit submission to maintain the social order. The appeasement hypothesis states that when an individual violates a social norm, this elicits anger in group members. Some theorists believe the embarrassment facial expression serves an adaptive purpose – to show appeasement to others (Keltner, 1995 Castelfranchi & Poggi, 1990). 445 () Copyright 1995 by the American Psychological Association. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3),p. Keltner, 1995, Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. It is interesting to note that the embarrassment facial expression comprises several facial changes over a period of six seconds.įacial Expression Change Over Time and Average Length of Each Change (Keltner, 1995) ![]() Thus, downward gaze is the facial change that last the longest, followed by head away. The duration of each facial change is from the left edge of the photograph to the end of the arrow. turning head away from camera and more downward head movementsįigure 1 shows the facial changes that occurred overtime during the embarrassment experience.showed more “smile controls” or attempts to conceal a smile or the zygomatic AU change.looked down faster, spent a longer period of time looking down, and frequently changed their gaze location.Compared to participants who felt amused, embarrassed participants… Specifically, Keltner analyzed the facial expressions and bodily changes of participants in the 15-second rest period following each display of an emotional expression. The data from participants who reported feeling embarrassment or amusement during the DFA was analyzed. ![]() In Keltner’s (1995) classic study, he utilized data from participants who had recently completed the Directed Facial Action (DFA) task in an earlier unrelated study.
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